When Joffre, Maginot and others conceived of the Maginot Line, Germany was under tight military restrictions imposed by the Treaty of Versailles. The Maginot Line was invulnerable to aerial bombings and tank fire; it featured underground railways as a backup. Once the French forces left the Rhineland in 1930, this form of leverage with the Rhineland as collateral was no longer available to Paris, which from then on had to depend on Berlin's word that it would continue to abide by the terms of the Versailles and Locarno treaties, which stated that the Rhineland was to stay demilitarised forever. The last line of defense was the Maginot Line's massive ouvrages, each large enough to hold 500 to 1,000 permanent troops. Dont have an account? for a customized plan. Even as an adult, Mrs. Breedlove is inferior to the little white girl, as shown when the little girl calls her by the nickname "Polly." Purchasing It is the Maginot Line. Named after Andr Maginot, the French Minister of War, it ran along the eastern border with Germany and Luxemburg and stretched across 450km (~300mi). There are hints that his mother was insane. You'll be billed after your free trial ends. A co-worker and friend of Chollys during his boyhood. These various structures reinforced a principal line of resistance made up of the most heavily armed ouvrages, which can be roughly translated as fortresses or big defensive works. $24.99 As a young boy, Cholly has a great friend in old Blue Jack, an older black man who works at the feed store. Discount, Discount Code She knows that Henrys actions are inappropriate, but she does not understand what they mean. ! Heavy rail artillery was hauled by locomotives to planned locations to support the emplaced artillery in the fortresses, which was intentionally limited in range to 1012km (67mi). | 20% All these troops wore distinctive uniform insignia and considered themselves among the elite of the French Army. His proclivity for young girls is foreshadowed earlier when he has Frieda and Claudia search his body for the magic penny, but as Claudia tells us then, they have fond memories of Henry despite what he has done. Yet at the same time the girls sense is also the communities sense of the prostitutes. The largest guns were, therefore 135mm (5.3in) fortress guns; larger weapons were to be part of the mobile forces and were to be deployed behind the lines. The German Army, having reformulated their plans from a repeat of the First World War-era plan, became aware of and exploited this weak point in the French defensive front. His desire to poison the animal stems solely from his own hatred of the beast, and his racial self-loathing prevents him from offering any sound counsel to Pecola. [I] settled down to just being ugly.". She loses her tooth, Pauline tells us, while biting into a piece of candy at the movies. An advancing German army would first be spotted by camouflaged observation points hugging the German border. The girls admire her light skin and social status, and they are jealous of both. She finds a permanent job working for a wealthy and warm-hearted white family called the Fishers. Many believe it to mean "sea of bitterness" or "sea of sorrow." However, some sources cite the alternative definitions of "rebellion," "wished-for child," and "mistress or lady of the sea." The name is borne in the Bible by the mother . Static defensive positions were therefore intended not only to buy time but to economise on men by defending an area with fewer and less mobile forces. Save over 50% with a SparkNotes PLUS Annual Plan! Contact us The local grocer, a middle-aged white immigrant. The 1st Army also conducted two attacks against the Maginot Line further to the east in northern Alsace. Frieda and Claudia walk to the lakefront houses, in a beautiful neighborhood with a park that is for white children only. Refine any search. Its construction created a false sense of security, which was widely believed by the French population. Rosemary Villanucci The main fortifications of the line were still mostly intact, many commanders were prepared to hold out, and the Italian advance had been contained. Pauline has had a lame foot since age twothe narrator opens by saying that to find out how her dreams died, one should look either to her lame foot (as Pauline does) or to her lost front tooth. Claudia suggests that they try to get Pecola to help them find some whiskey, reasoning that Pecola should be able to help them because Cholly is always drunk. The protagonist of the novel, an eleven-year-old Black girl who believes that she is ugly and that having blue eyes would make her beautiful. The girls both admire her and are jealous of her. [17] As long as the French occupied the Rhineland, it served as a type of collateral under which the French would annex the Rhineland in the event of Germany breaching any of the articles of the treaty, such as rearming in violation of Part V; this threat was powerful enough to deter successive German governments all through the 1920s from attempting any overt violation of Part V.[18] French plans as developed by Marshal Ferdinand Foch in 1919 were based on the assumption that in the event of a war with the Reich, the French forces in the Rhineland were to embark upon an offensive to seize the Ruhr. They go to Pecolas house, but no one is home. who had replaced Neville Chamberlain as a prime minister. Pecola's lies demonstrate the insecurity she feels about herself, and her self-perceived ugliness. A decoy force sat opposite the line while a second Army Group cut through the Low Countries of Belgium and the Netherlands, as well as through the Ardennes Forest, which lay north of the main French defences. She has renounced her own black family for the family of her white employer. PDFs of modern translations of every Shakespeare play and poem. These were composed of at least six "forward bunker systems" or "combat blocks" and two entrances and were connected via a network of tunnels that often featured narrow gauge electric railways for transport between bunker systems. Read an in-depth analysis of Claudia MacTeer. To push Germany into an effort to circumvent via Switzerland or Belgium. The prejudice and treatment that Pecola receives because of her skin color is called "colorism," a sister type of discrimination that has only recently been studied and researched. Keep in mind, says Kirchubel, that the French didn't believe that the Maginot Line alone could win another war with Germany. [18], French plans for an offensive in the 1920s were realistic, as Versailles had forbidden German conscription, and the Reichswehr was limited to 100,000 men. As they walk around the side of the building to try the side door, they encounter The. Mr. MacTeer: Claudia's father, Mr. MacTeer, is not present often in the book. He is a pedophile who loves to touch little girls. Look up his videos for some good strategy. [44] Romanych and Rupp indicate that except for the loss of several insignificant fortifications from insufficient defending troops, the actual fortifications and troops "withstood the test of battle", repulsed numerous attacks, and "withstood intense aerial and artillery bombardment". Her courtesy and hospitality are real, but she has no patience for the girls' disrespect. Instant PDF downloads. Patreon: https://www.patr. They could be single (with a firing room in one direction) or double (two firing rooms in opposite directions). Definitions and examples of 136 literary terms and devices. In 1939 U.S. Army officer Kenneth Nichols visited the Metz sector, where he was impressed by the formidable formations which he thought the Germans would have to outflank by driving through Belgium. (one code per order). The petits ouvrages were generally made up of several infantry bunkers, connected by a tunnel network with attached underground facilities, such as barracks, electric generators, ventilation systems, mess halls, infirmaries and supply caches. The Question and Answer section for Bluest Eye is a great She accepts everyone elses assumption that she is superior and is capable of both generosity and cruelty. Claudias ten-year-old sister, who shares Claudias independence and stubbornness. It is also possible that Miss Mary Mack comes from the slang meaning of mack for a "pimp" or "flirting," dating back to the late 1800s. [42], Marc Romanych and Martin Rupp highlight that "poor decisions and missed opportunities" plagued the line and point to its purpose of conserving manpower: "about 20 percent of [France's] field divisions remained inactive along the Maginot Line". (including. The way the content is organized, LitCharts assigns a color and icon to each theme in. "The French were beaten emotionally and spiritually," says Kirchubel. The family of Elihue Whitcomb displays a kind of mixed-race person who lives in colonial societymore fortunate than pureblooded natives, they are still ultimately powerless, allowed to occupy only the most meaningless government positions, allowed to be educated but never to rule. [18] The power of properly dug-in defensive trenches had been amply demonstrated during World War I, when a few soldiers manning a single machine gun post could kill hundreds of the enemy in the open and therefore building a massive defensive line with subterranean concrete shelters was the most rational use of French manpower. Frieda is angered by her experience and ready to take action rather than remain ashamed and defeated. Behind an imposing line of pop-up gun turrets, tank traps and 12-foot (3.6-meter) concrete walls were fully equipped subterranean military bases complete with mess halls, hospitals, recreation facilities and railway lines. While Mrs. Breedlove goes to get the wash, a very young white girl appears and reacts with fear when she sees the three girls. The largest of these structures, Fort Douaumont, was captured by the Germans in 1915 and triggered the infamous Battle of Verdun, the longest and bloodiest battle of WWI, claiming 400,000 French casualties and 350,000 German losses. Pecola, already showing signs of pregnancy, comes to him and asks for blue eyes. She loses the job because Cholly shows up at her workplace drunk. The enemy's position would be communicated to a cluster of 78 fire control stations that coordinated the French defense from hilltop outposts. The third-person narrator returns to fill in details about Pauline Breedlove's life, in a section that also has passages narrated first-person by Pauline. She is pretty, playful andaffectionate. Despite its monumental concrete glory, which was the pride of interwar France, the Maginot Line ultimately wasn't able to stop Adolf Hitler's Nazi war machine from quickly overwhelming and occupying France in World War II. Why did the French build the line? Teachers and parents! When the girls witness Miss Marie's ugliness first hand, their misunderstood notion of what it means to be "ruined" is fully recognized. An independent and strong-minded nine-year-old, Claudia is a fighter and rebels against adults tyranny over children and against the Black communitys idealization of white beauty standards. In contrast, the propaganda about the line made it appear far greater a construction than it was; illustrations showed multiple storeys of interwoven passages and even underground rail yards and cinemas. Having light eyes marks a character as different. On a Saturday in spring, Claudia goes inside and finds Frieda crying. Although the name "Maginot Line" suggests a relatively thin linear fortification, it was pretty deep, varying (from the German border to the rear area) from 2025 kilometres (1216 miles). They could also be used as a local headquarters and counterattack base. She is affectionate but physically in decay. They also misinterpret Mrs. MacTeer's words and attempt to avert Frieda's "ruin," misunderstanding the words of adults. During the advance to the English Channel, the Germans overran France's border defence with Belgium and several Maginot Forts in the Maubeuge area whilst the Luftwaffe simply flew over it. All cloches were made of alloy steel. Another complication was Holland, and the various governments never resolved their problems.[29]. The pie that should become a pleasant memory for Pecola will only be a pleasant memory for the little white girl"Polly" exerts all her effort in trying to make the house of the white folks feel like a home. He goes on to live a life of alcoholism, marries Pauline but refuses to be faithful to her, and, we are told in an offhand manner, murders three white men. The defences were first proposed by Marshal Joseph Joffre. France quickly extended the Maginot Line along the Franco-Belgian border, but not to the standard of the rest of the line. Their purpose was to locate the enemy, direct and correct the indirect fire of artillery, and report on the progress and position of critical enemy units. The local prostitues, Miss Marie (also known as the Maginot Line) is fat and affectionate, China is skinny and sarcastic, and Poland is quiet. Members will be prompted to log in or create an account to redeem their group membership. [12], The great conclusion that was drawn in Paris after the Ruhrkampf and the 1924 London Conference was that France could not make unilateral military moves to uphold Versailles as the resulting British hostility to such moves was too dangerous to the republic. Not affiliated with Harvard College. The Maginot Line was built to fulfil several purposes: Maginot Line fortifications were manned by specialist units of fortress infantry, artillery and engineers. By referring to the floor as hers, Mrs. Breedlove reveals her desire to be a part of and take some ownership over the white family's home. Renews March 8, 2023 She becomes pregnant. Under the Treaty of Versailles, France was to occupy the Rhineland region of Germany until 1935. Free trial is available to new customers only. The playground for whites only lets the girls know that they are in a place where they are not welcomed based purely on the color of their skin. Their misinterpretation highlights their innocence. [18] Given the diplomatic situation in the late 1920s, the Quai d'Orsay informed the government that French military planning should be based on a worst-case scenario that France would fight the next war against Germany without the help of Britain or the United States. While the Germans built a fleet of bombers and armored vehicles for their mobile blitzkrieg strategy, the French were putting the finishing touches on their very large and static underground fortresses. Miss Marie is insulted when Claudia tells her she is "ruined." How Hitler's Blitzkrieg Tactic Shocked the Allies in WWII. They merely waited for a chance to launch a counterattack. . As a mature women, she has a different understanding of the word from that of the innocent girls, which makes it more painful and triggers her violent reaction. If you don't see it, please check your spam folder. The first girl that Cholly likes. Behind them were minefields and tank traps made from row after row of porcupine-like iron girders that would cripple armored vehicles. It even included air conditioning and underground railways for reinforcements. One of Cholly's happiest memories is of Blue Jack smashing a watermelon and sharing the heart with him. Rgiments d'artillerie de position (RAP) consisted of static artillery units. What does the little girl call Mrs Breedlove? The doctors dehumanize Pauline, and part of that dehumanization takes the form of refusing to look into her eyesbecause if they did, they would see her looking back at them, and encounter Pauline's undeniable humanness and her status as a subject (as opposed to purely an object). The British diplomat Sir Eric Phipps, who attended the conference, commented afterwards that: The London Conference was for the French 'man in the street' one long Calvary as he saw M. Herriot abandoning one by one the cherished possessions of French preponderance on the Reparations Commission, the right of sanctions in the event of German default, the economic occupation of the Ruhr, the French-Belgian railway Rgie, and finally, the military occupation of the Ruhr within a year. The little white girl is dressed in delicate pink and has yellow hair. When The Maginot Line asks if the girls are looking for someone, Claudia explains they are looking for Pecola. Following the Munich Agreement and the German occupation of Czechoslovakia, the Germans were able to use the Czech fortifications to plan attacks that proved successful against the western fortifications (the Belgian Fort Eben-Emael is the best-known example). Discount, Discount Code [17] With the United States isolationist and Britain stoutly refusing to make the "continental commitment" to defend France on the same scale as in World War I, the prospects of Anglo-American assistance in another war with Germany appeared to be doubtful at best. "Bluest Eye Spring Summary and Analysis". 9. As with his son Sammy, who is always running away from home, Cholly's gender gives him a degree of agency that Pecola and Pauline simply do not have. The association between spring and the pain of being beaten not only speaks to the punishment Claudia and Frieda receives at home, but in a larger sense, foreshadows the brutal events that will occur in the narrative during the Spring season, including Frieda's sexual assault and Pecola's rape. At a conference in London in 1924 to settle the Franco-German crisis caused by the Ruhrkampf, the British Prime Minister Ramsay MacDonald successfully pressed the French Premier douard Herriot to make concessions to Germany. The women live together in an apartment above the Breedloves. He shot at Henry and Henry ran away. Soaphead Church proceeds to write a letter to God, in which he blames God for making the world badly. [33] A number of old fortifications have now been turned into wine cellars, a mushroom farm, and even a disco. The French side of this border is called the Maginot Line, where the French built a tremendous fortification across from the then Westwall/Hindenburg Line. The final line was strongest around the industrial regions of Metz, Lauter and Alsace, while other areas were, in comparison, only weakly guarded. Made up of a series of locations spanning over 3 kilometres, the Schoenenbourg Maginot Line fort was entirely self sufficient, with . She has a deformed foot and sees herself as the martyr of a terrible marriage. But World War I worsened the problem. sfn error: no target: CITEREFJacobsen1994 (, repeat of their First World War battle plan, British hardened field defences of World War II, Commission for Organising the Fortified Regions, "What's the stupidest thing a nation has ever done? These were buried concrete bunkers designed to house and shelter up to a company of infantry (200 to 250 men). Pauline points out the hypocrisy of the woman, who says she's thinking of Pauline's future but won't give her the small sum she needs to pay the gas man. on 50-99 accounts. But it was too late to reorganize the entire French military in a matter of months. The genius behind these innovative fortifications was Sbastien Le Prestre de Vauban, who designed dozens of strongholds, including the magnificent fortified town of Neuf-Brisach in the contested Alsace-Lorraine region bordering Germany. What was the Purpose of the Maginot Line? The French strategy was already set in millions of cubic feet of concrete. Want 100 or more? The one adult love of his life, a woman named Velma, marries him but then leaves him soon afterward. He lives in Macon, Georgia, and is short, balding, and mean. By signing up you agree to our terms and privacy policy. The way the content is organized, These women are the local prostitutes in Loraine, Ohio. TO CANCEL YOUR SUBSCRIPTION AND AVOID BEING CHARGED, YOU MUST CANCEL BEFORE THE END OF THE FREE TRIAL PERIOD. Dont have an account? Toni Morrison and The Bluest Eye Background. Pecola is about to use a wagon to bring the wash back to the Breedlove storefront, and Mrs. Breedlove says that the MacTeer sisters can walk back with her. The Maginot Line is a vast remembrance of why a purely defensive strategy is not the most effective way to protect a country. 8. Chollys father, who abandoned Chollys mother when she got pregnant. On your tree as germany there is a focus that takes 28 days called around the maginot. Theylive above the Breedlove apartment and befriendPecola. Yet Frieda's response to sex, now that she has been assaulted, is that it feels like nothing. Kaufmann, J.E., Kaufmann, H.W., Jancovi-Potonik, A. and Lang, P. This page was last edited on 24 February 2023, at 20:42. [26] Germany had to import most of its iron, rubber, oil, bauxite, copper and nickel, making naval blockade a devastating weapon against the German economy. Telephone Network: This system connected every fortification in the Maginot Line, including bunkers, infantry and artillery fortresses, observation posts and shelters. A period of sustained Francophobia broke out in Britain, with Poincar being vilified in Britain as a cruel bully punishing Germany with unreasonable reparations demands. Note that the narrative of Cholly's life lays a greater emphasis on Cholly's agency. Creating notes and highlights requires a free LitCharts account. Still, the last French troops left the Rhineland in June 1930 in exchange for Germany accepting the Young Plan. A neighbor, Mr. Buford, arrived and gave Mr. MacTeer a gun. My students love how organized the handouts are and enjoy tracking the themes as a class., Requesting a new guide requires a free LitCharts account. World War I absolutely devastated France. The Maginot Line tells them she works at a big white lakefront house. We're sorry, SparkNotes Plus isn't available in your country. Following the First World War, the French government and military officials feared another war with Germany would occur sometime in the future. He knows his father's nameSamson Fullerand he finds him gambling in an alley, but his father has long since forgotten that he had a son. She treats the girls with some kindness, telling them that Pecola is with Mrs. Breedlove at the house where Mrs. Breedlove is a servant. Billed after your free trial PERIOD sense is also the communities sense the! And has yellow hair their problems. [ 29 ] days called around the Maginot Line invulnerable... Of his life, a mushroom farm, and the various governments never resolved their problems. [ why is miss marie called the maginot line... The last Line of defense was the Maginot Line along the Franco-Belgian border, but does! Saturday in spring, Claudia goes inside and finds Frieda crying is a pedophile who loves to little!, Mr. MacTeer, is not present often in the future is a vast remembrance why... 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