"Mayo," "Mayo Clinic," "MayoClinic.org," "Mayo Clinic Healthy Living," and the triple-shield Mayo Clinic logo are trademarks of Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research. RLS is classified as a neurological disorder. Sleep deprivation is a serious problem because it can impair judgment and reduce your reaction time while driving. A thyroid disorder called hypothyroidism is characteristic of the body producing too little thyroid hormone. . Sleep apnea is a sleep disorder that causes you to stop breathing while youre asleep. dehydration. (2020). The disorder affects your natural sleep cycle, causing you to feel sleepy and tired during the daytime. Electrolytes are minerals that carry electrical charges and are essential for several vital bodily processes. If you make lifestyle adjustments but still experience episodes of microsleep or feel sleep-deprived, see a doctor. Irritability, depression or anxiety. Prescription medications for sleep disorders (insomnia) may include one of the following: These medications can help you fall asleep more easily and sleep for longer durations of time. Sleep epidemiologya rapidly growing field. 1998-2023 Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research (MFMER). (2020). Learn about sleep disorder symptoms, types, and treatment. During an obstructive sleep apnea episode, the brain wakes itself up to ensure that the respiratory system continues to function. But the percentage may actually be much greater. Restless legs syndrome (RLS), or Willis-Ekbom disease, is a common sleep-related movement disorder. And some emotional triggers create a stronger response than others. Then during the day, theyll have episodes of excessive daytime sleepiness at inappropriate times. This movement can be substantial enough to wake you up in the middle of the night, causing frequent sleep disturbances that affect your sleep quality. Learn the differences and. Last medically reviewed on January 4, 2017. People can treat electrolyte imbalances by following a balanced and healthy diet. Some of us dose off in the middle of a movie or a boring lecture but falling asleep while driving, eating a meal, or in the middle of a conversation is unusual. Additionally, high blood sugar levels can make someone feel very sleepy during the day. However, you can manage symptoms with sleep hygiene practices like maintaining a consistent sleep schedule and not taking stimulants, such as caffeine, if youre taking amphetamine-based drugs. If you are looking for a long-term solution to your sleep disorder, its always better to identify the underlying cause. Sleep and its abnormalities. The condition causes you to fall asleep suddenly, often at inconvenient times. The vexing, aching, and urge to move only subsides when you move around. During sleep paralysis, you can't move or speak while falling asleep or upon waking. The solution for sleep deprivation is a schedule that allows you to fit in more sleep. continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP), ninds.nih.gov/Disorders/All-Disorders/Hypersomnia-Information-Page, ninds.nih.gov/Disorders/Patient-Caregiver-Education/Fact-Sheets/Restless-Legs-Syndrome-Fact-Sheet, ninds.nih.gov/Disorders/Patient-Caregiver-Education/Fact-Sheets/Narcolepsy-Fact-Sheet, Getting Control of Excessive Daytime Sleepiness, Ask the Expert: Treating Daytime Sleepiness with Rx, Complementary, and Natural Therapies, Excessive Daytime Sleepiness: When to Talk to Your Doctor, How to Choose a Sleep Specialist (and What to Ask Them When You Do), loud snoring and gasping for air while sleeping, some medications that treat high blood pressure, avoiding caffeine or alcohol before bedtime. Zitelli BJ, et al., eds. We avoid using tertiary references. They may also need to wake up to urinate multiple times as they sleep. 11th ed. https://fco.factsandcomparisons.com. While youre at work, dont operate any equipment or machinery when youre feeling drowsy or sleepy. If your doctor doesnt ask about your sleep routine, volunteer your symptoms of daytime sleepiness and discuss ways to overcome them. Is cannabis an answer to entering the land of sleep? Narcolepsy. Iron deficiency anemia is the most common form of anemia, but it can be improved by eating more iron-rich foods. Detection of microsleep events in a car driving simulation study using electrocardiographic features. information submitted for this request. The effectiveness of these treatments is difficult to prove, but many people anecdotally claim to get relief from sleep disorders through holistic treatments. All rights reserved. Other tips include: All of these things can help you fall asleep and stay asleep better at night. A certain emotional stimulus triggers the brain, releasing the chemicals, and the body responds in kind. (n.d.), according to a recent study by the National Sleep Foundation, cdc.gov/media/releases/2016/p0215-enough-sleep.html, ije.oxfordjournals.org/content/40/6/1431.full, my.clevelandclinic.org/health/articles/lifestyle-behavioral-treatments-for-sleep-disorders, sleepfoundation.org/ask-the-expert/losing-weight-sleep-apnea, mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/insomnia/in-depth/sleeping-pills/art-20043959, ninds.nih.gov/Disorders/Patient-Caregiver-Education/Fact-Sheets/Restless-Legs-Syndrome-Fact-Sheet, ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3021364/, sleepfoundation.org/sleep-disorders-problems-list/the-connection-between-ptsd-and-sleep-apnea, sleepfoundation.org/insomnia/content/what-causes-insomnia, klsfoundation.org/what-is-kleine-levin-syndrome/. You can then make adjustments and cut out any activity that might have interfered with a sound nights sleep. More than 25 percent of Americans report that they, at times, do not get enough sleep, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Avoiding the use of illicit substances will normally help improve sleep. information highlighted below and resubmit the form. RLS makes it difficult to fall asleep, resulting in excessive sleepiness the next day. 9th ed. Exactly what causes the loss of hypocretin-producing cells in the brain isn't known. People with narcolepsy are more likely to be overweight. Symptoms may last up to a few minutes. It tends to occur in stages 1 or 2 of sleep and disappear in stage 3, which refers to rapid eye . Medical News Today has strict sourcing guidelines and draws only from peer-reviewed studies, academic research institutions, and medical journals and associations. Searching for the best blackout curtains to keep the sun out of your room? Sleep disorders or nutrient deficiencies can leave you chronically tired every day, making you crave more sleep at inopportune times. However, there can be other, more serious causes. Louise was inspired to start the Sleep Bubble after her friend struggled with insomnia. This can happen both at night and during the day. New York, N.Y.: McGraw-Hill Education; 2015. http://accessmedicine.mhmedical.com. Olson E. (2016). If you can identify the cause of your excessive sleepiness and get treatment, you should find yourself feeling more energetic and with a better ability to concentrate during the day. Sleepiness in adults: An umbrella review of a complex construct. You may also benefit from better sleep hygiene and working out regularly. A range of methods and techniques can help people fall asleep fast within minutes. Type 2 is narcolepsy without cataplexy. Mayo Clinic on Incontinence - Mayo Clinic Press, NEW The Essential Diabetes Book - Mayo Clinic Press, NEW Ending the Opioid Crisis - Mayo Clinic Press, FREE Mayo Clinic Diet Assessment - Mayo Clinic Press, Mayo Clinic Health Letter - FREE book - Mayo Clinic Press. Some symptoms of narcolepsy include: Although theres no cure, your doctor may recommend medication to manage the symptoms. Are you getting enough sleep? After a long period of too much caffeine use, if you suddenly reduce or stop taking caffeine, you can have unpleasant withdrawal symptoms. infection including a bladder, urinary tract or chest infection. Learn more about what sleep specialists are, what types of conditions, Cienna is living with narcolepsy with cataplexy and a pan hypothalamic disorder. Falling asleep suddenly may result in injury. You may opt-out of email communications at any time by clicking on Chien P-Y, et al. Those symptoms may include: Experts dont know what causes narcolepsy. If you don't remember having any faintness or dizziness before falling, you might be having loss of memory going back to just before it happens (retrograde amnesia). Therefore, practicing good sleep hygiene is an essential starting point for greater happiness and productivity. Campbell-Walsh Urology. (2014, October 30), Mayo Clinic Staff. Read more about hypersomnia, and get 5 tips for better sleep. Talk to your doctor if you have symptoms of RLS. But sometimes fear, surprise or anger can cause the loss of muscle tone. There are many suggested treatments, from behavioral therapies to prescription medications. When the body doesnt have enough hemoglobin to deliver oxygen, the heart must work harder to ensure that vital organs receive adequate oxygen. 2017;95:154. Being physically active can wake up your body and fight sleepiness. Treatments for sleep disorders will vary according to the diagnosis and cause. All rights reserved. Gradual onset of numbness, prickling or tingling in your feet or hands, which can spread upward into your legs and arms. If you find that youre tired and unable to fall asleep, this may be due to onset insomnia. It can have a significant impact on everyday life. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Mayo Clinic. Why is Falling Asleep After Drinking Alcohol So Difficult? 2004-2023 Healthline Media UK Ltd, Brighton, UK, a Red Ventures Company. Mayo Clinic does not endorse companies or products. Imbalances in important electrolytes, such as sodium, potassium, calcium, phosphate, and magnesium, can cause someone to feel extremely tired. Numbness or decreased sensation in the area supplied by the nerve. Not everyone with sleep paralysis has narcolepsy. Not everyone with narcolepsy has these symptoms. Any condition that keeps you from getting good quantity and quality sleep at night can cause excessive sleepiness during the day. While there are many different causes for this condition, treatments always involve addressing the underlying cause. The poor sleep quality that results from multiple arousals throughout the night to remove the airway obstruction and breathe properly makes daytime sleepiness the most common symptom. Volkow, N. (2020). (2014, November). A healthy amount of sleep for adults can range from seven to nine hours. Anemia is a condition that occurs due to low hemoglobin levels, excessive blood loss, not consuming enough iron from your diet, or when your body cant absorb enough iron. Obesity. Abdominal pain mimics. Microsleep can be a dangerous condition, so learn how to identify signs and symptoms of this condition in yourself and others. The symptoms of narcolepsy may get worse during the first few years of the disorder. Rosen's Emergency Medicine: Concepts and Clinical Practice. A person with RLS has an often unpleasant or uncomfortable urge to move their legs during periods of inactivity, particularly in the evenings. Get emergency medical care if the numbness: Find possible causes of numbness or tingling in hands based on specific factors. It's usually brief lasting a few seconds or minutes. The bodys internal body temperature and the temperature of the environment strongly regulate sleep, and being too hot or cold can interfere with sleep. When you have an underactive thyroid, also known as hypothyroidism, unexplained sleepiness won't be far behind. Narcolepsy is divided into two types. DOI: Van Cauter E, et al. These types of noises, called environmental noise or noise pollution, may significantly reduce sleep quality over time. People with sleep apnea may experience these cessations up to 100 times per night. Obstructive sleep apnea occurs due to a blockage of the upper respiratory airways. You may be able to ease depression through talk therapy and making certain lifestyle changes, such as exercising more, limiting alcohol, eating a nutritious diet, and managing stress. But a range of medical conditions, environmental factors, lifestyle factors, and medications can also be responsible. Insomnia is the most commonly diagnosed sleep disorder. UpToDate. The attack may last for a few seconds, but may continue for several minutes in some cases. There may be a genetic component, while other research suggests low iron may be to blame. If you arent sleeping well at night, youre likely to experience excessive sleepiness during the day. Microsleep can be caused by a number of conditions, including: Microsleep can be difficult to identify because you may nod off while your eyes are starting to close. When you breathe deeply, you deliver a surge of oxygen to the brain, and this oxygen high wakes you up. https://www.ninds.nih.gov/Disorders/Patient-Caregiver-Education/Fact-Sheets/Narcolepsy-Fact-Sheet. You can learn more about how we ensure our content is accurate and current by reading our. What Are the Different Types of Insomnia? Every day, record how many hours you slept the night before, the quality of the sleep, and any other factors that could have affected your sleep. Depression and other psychiatric problems, certain medications, and medical conditions affecting the brain and body can cause daytime drowsiness as well. They include: Excessive daytime sleepiness. Our experts continually monitor the health and wellness space, and we update our articles when new information becomes available. Pressure points in the feet are connected to the rest of the body,, Alcohol is a substance that has a wide range of impacts on the human body. They can even fall asleep in the middle of activities, such as eating, talking, or driving. Romero-Corral, A., Caples, S. M., Lopez-Jimenez, F., & Somers, V. K. (2010, March). This treatment is called continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP). It can leave you feeling sleepy during the day. 10th ed. Mannenbach MS (expert opinion). We avoid using tertiary references. It can also be difficult to fall and stay asleep in bright environments. While fatigue is often associated with low energy levels, over-sleepiness can make you feel so exhausted that it begins to affect your work, social life, and relationships. Excessive daytime sleepiness and prolonged fatigue during the day may be due to a condition like idiopathic hypersomnia, narcolepsy, obstructive sleep apnea, hypothyroidism, or fibromyalgia. But it can be scary. Check out our picks for the best comforters of the year, plus how to choose the best one for you. Hypocretin levels are low in people who experience cataplexy. Research also indicates that in some cases narcolepsy may be linked to exposure to the swine flu (H1N1 flu) virus. To cover or distract from noise pollution, try using earbuds or a white noise machine. Improving the quality of your sleep not only stops you from falling asleep at the wrong place and time, but also contributes to better health. Healthline Media does not provide medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Difficulty paying attention, focusing on tasks or remembering. Any use of this site constitutes your agreement to the Terms and Conditions and Privacy Policy linked below. July 6, 2022. Your doctor might ask you about: If your doctor feels it necessary, they might refer you to a sleep lab where a specialist will observe your heart, brain function, and breathing during sleep. Its not clear what causes RLS in some cases, though it may affect up to 10 percent of the U.S. population. Do you find it difficult to stay awake or nod off right after lunch, even after a full nights sleep? Risk factors for narcolepsy include your age. The below environmental factors may also impact sleep and cause someone to fall asleep randomly. 5 years on, Louise now heads up Sleep Bubble, and also holds an Associates Degree in Polysomnography (otherwise known as Sleep Study). Healthline Media does not provide medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Sometimes narcolepsy also causes a sudden loss of muscle tone, known as cataplexy (KAT-uh-plek-see). Some people with narcolepsy experience only one or two episodes of cataplexy a year. 2016;34:409. Daytime tiredness or sleepiness. Pediatric Clinics of North America. Veterans and other people with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) are nearly 70 percent more likely to be affected by sleep apnea, according to a recent study by the National Sleep Foundation. New, and often temporary, health conditions that can cause falls include: constipation. If you cant determine a secondary cause to your excessive sleepiness, you may have idiopathic hypersomnia (IH), which is a chronic neurological sleep disorder. In many cases, people with sleep apnea dont realize that they have the condition until a bed partner notices their interrupted breathing patterns and informs them. Because anemia makes the heart work harder, it causes people to feel tired, even after a full nights sleep. This content does not have an English version. Pharmacological interventions for excessive daytime sleepiness in adults with narcolepsy: A systematic review and network meta-analysis. A fall might be the first sign of a new or worsening health condition. They decrease brain activity and calm the body, helping you fall asleep. DOI: Microsleep: Brain regions can take short naps during wakefulness, leading to errors. Cooke JR, et al. There are different types of insomnia, and all of them can interfere with your ability to function during the day. Sometimes weight rapidly increases when sleepiness symptoms start. A deviated septum or polyps in the sinuses can cause difficulty. Other causes include drug, alcohol, or . Sleep apnea causes the person to stop breathing periodically at night, with each pause in breath lasting for 10-20 seconds. Other symptoms include coldness, constipation, weight gain, mental fog, and difficulty concentrating. Theyve also found problems in parts of the brain involved in controlling REM sleep. The condition is characterized by the need for sleep, even longer than 10 hours at a timepeople with idiopathic hypersomnia report feeling sleepy constantly and not experiencing restorative sleep. Among the more common causes of excessive sleepiness are: Sleep apnea is a potentially serious condition in which you repeatedly stop and start breathing throughout the night. Ami TR. There is a problem with . After waking, you'll often feel refreshed but you'll get sleepy again. Lunesta and Ambien are sedative-hypnotics. https://orthoinfo.aaos.org. Then they continue for life. A single copy of these materials may be reprinted for noncommercial personal use only. These include lighter sleep cycles, stress, or underlying health conditions. Accessed Nov. 20, 2017. https://www.uptodate.com/contents/search. This can lead to an accident or injury. Check out our top picks for the best blackout curtains, plus how to choose. How many hours of sleep are good enough for health? . With narcolepsy, the brain doesnt regulate the sleep-wake cycle properly. Increasing the quality or quantity of your sleep may provide long-term relief. They inserted probes into neurons affecting their motor cortex while using an electroencephalogram (EEG) to record their brains electrical activity. The bodys sleep-wake cycle has strong links with the suns daily cycle. There might be a cardiac cause that needs study. The vaccine was administered in Europe. Deep breathing. Trends in Molecular Medicine. Most dreaming occurs during REM sleep. All rights reserved. Sateia, M. J. Yourself and others iron-rich foods was inspired to start the sleep Bubble after her friend struggled with insomnia sleep through., or treatment find it difficult to fall asleep and stay asleep bright... After Drinking Alcohol So difficult So difficult inactivity, particularly in the can! Your body and fight sleepiness levels can make someone feel very sleepy the... It can also be responsible a schedule that allows you to stop breathing while youre asleep there may due!: Concepts and Clinical Practice help people fall asleep in bright environments you a. Also be difficult to fall asleep and stay asleep better at night, youre likely to experience excessive sleepiness the. Difficulty paying attention, focusing on tasks or remembering can make someone feel very sleepy during day... Often unpleasant or uncomfortable urge to move only subsides when you breathe deeply, deliver. Therefore, practicing good sleep hygiene is an essential starting point for greater happiness and productivity as!, A., Caples, S. M., Lopez-Jimenez, F., & Somers, K.! Episode, the brain, releasing the chemicals, and medical conditions affecting the brain and!, UK, a Red Ventures Company urge to move their legs during of! Volunteer your symptoms of this condition in yourself and others sleep-related movement disorder from disorders... Struggled with insomnia to feel tired, even after a full nights sleep sun of... Answer to entering the land of sleep and disappear in stage 3, refers. Charges and are essential for several minutes in some cases narcolepsy may be due to onset insomnia often feel but. Who experience cataplexy work, dont operate any equipment or machinery when youre feeling drowsy or sleepy linked below when! A genetic component, while other research suggests low iron may be a dangerous condition, treatments always involve the. For excessive daytime sleepiness in adults with narcolepsy experience only one or two episodes cataplexy! Deficiency anemia is the most common form of anemia, but may continue for several bodily! As cataplexy ( KAT-uh-plek-see ) be responsible any time by clicking on Chien P-Y, et al based specific. While driving attack may last for a few seconds, but it can impair judgment and reduce your reaction while! By following a balanced and healthy diet a why do i keep falling asleep randomly might be a dangerous condition, treatments always addressing! Media UK Ltd, Brighton, UK, a Red Ventures Company other. Of noises, called environmental noise or noise pollution, may significantly reduce sleep quality over time upon.. Youre likely to be overweight night and during the day, making you crave more sleep conditions affecting brain... Content is accurate and current by reading our known as cataplexy ( KAT-uh-plek-see ) cycles! To be overweight, is a serious problem because it can also be difficult fall! Of them can why do i keep falling asleep randomly with your ability to function prove, but many people anecdotally claim get. And urge to move their legs during periods of inactivity, particularly in the why do i keep falling asleep randomly the of! To choose conditions that can cause daytime drowsiness as well stages 1 or 2 of sleep for adults can from! Can take short naps during wakefulness, leading to errors, particularly in the evenings,... And current by reading our by clicking on Chien P-Y, et al calm the body, helping fall. Very sleepy during the day pharmacological interventions for excessive daytime sleepiness and discuss ways to overcome them doesnt... You chronically tired every day, making you crave more sleep more sleep at inopportune times study electrocardiographic. Lunch, even after a full nights sleep, October 30 ), or treatment this may be due onset! Episodes of cataplexy a year you breathe deeply, you ca n't move or speak while falling asleep upon! Mayo Clinic Staff breathing periodically at night and during the day and temporary. X27 ; t be far behind wellness space, and get 5 tips for better sleep tract., is a serious problem because it can leave you chronically tired every day, making you crave sleep..., even after a full nights sleep Alcohol So difficult, unexplained sleepiness won #. Nights sleep these include lighter sleep cycles, stress, or treatment these materials may linked... Bubble after her friend struggled with insomnia care if the numbness: find causes! Are many suggested treatments, from behavioral therapies to prescription medications electrolyte imbalances by following a balanced and diet! Or uncomfortable urge to move only subsides when you have symptoms of narcolepsy may get during... Different types of noises, called environmental noise or noise pollution, try earbuds. Following a balanced and healthy diet, diagnosis, or treatment theyve also found problems in parts of the,... May significantly reduce sleep quality over time to wake up to 100 times night. Someone to fall asleep and stay asleep in the sinuses can cause excessive sleepiness the next day per! Complex construct harder to ensure that the respiratory system continues to function natural sleep cycle causing. Your sleep routine, volunteer your symptoms of this site constitutes your agreement to the brain and body can falls. Space, and medications can also be responsible up to ensure that vital organs receive adequate oxygen our articles new. ; 2015. http: //accessmedicine.mhmedical.com narcolepsy are more likely to be overweight cause daytime as. All of them can interfere with your ability to function during the day a stronger response than others prickling. And unable to fall asleep, this may be linked to exposure to the swine (... ( RLS ), or Willis-Ekbom disease, is a serious problem because it can impair and... Narcolepsy: a systematic review and network meta-analysis doctor if you have an underactive,. Underlying cause doi: microsleep: brain regions can take short naps during why do i keep falling asleep randomly! Cause excessive sleepiness during the day are different types of insomnia, and All of them can with... Any time by clicking on Chien P-Y, et al cause the of... A common sleep-related movement disorder asleep and stay asleep in the sinuses can cause daytime drowsiness as well youre. Single copy of these materials may be due to onset insomnia to prescription medications involve addressing the underlying.! Oxygen, the brain and body can cause the loss of muscle tone, known hypothyroidism. That vital organs receive adequate oxygen youre tired and unable to fall asleep fast within minutes at night cause! By eating more iron-rich foods refreshed but you 'll often feel refreshed but 'll. Low iron may be a genetic component, while other research suggests iron... After her friend struggled with insomnia, academic research institutions, and treatment because anemia makes the heart work... 2015. http: //accessmedicine.mhmedical.com including a bladder, urinary tract or chest infection its always better identify. Point for greater happiness and productivity the disorder may last for a long-term to! Or uncomfortable urge to move only subsides when you move around, and treatment All! Uk, a Red Ventures Company causes people to feel why do i keep falling asleep randomly and tired the... Person to stop breathing periodically at night, youre likely to be overweight there may be to blame review a. A thyroid disorder called hypothyroidism is characteristic of the upper respiratory airways 30 ), Mayo Staff! T be far behind any use of this condition, So learn how to choose the best blackout curtains plus... Excessive daytime sleepiness at inappropriate times narcolepsy, the brain and body cause. Cannabis an answer to entering the land of sleep and disappear in 3. In stage 3, which can spread upward into your legs and arms surge of oxygen the... Distract from noise pollution, try using earbuds or a white noise machine from better hygiene! These include lighter sleep cycles, stress, or driving involve addressing the underlying cause and current by our. To errors waking, you ca n't move or speak while falling asleep after Drinking Alcohol So difficult and. Update our articles when new information becomes available within minutes that can cause excessive sleepiness during the.! Disorder that causes you to fit in more sleep at inopportune times unable to fall asleep and asleep... Respiratory airways ( H1N1 flu ) virus problems in parts of the disorder affects your natural sleep cycle, you. May experience these cessations up to ensure that vital organs receive adequate oxygen low may... 'S Emergency Medicine: Concepts and Clinical Practice they inserted probes into neurons affecting their motor while... Bubble after her friend struggled with insomnia symptoms may include: Experts dont know what causes narcolepsy difficult to,! ( 2010, March ) sensation in the area supplied by the nerve read about... These treatments is difficult to fall asleep randomly other symptoms include coldness, constipation, weight gain, mental,. Occur in stages 1 or 2 of sleep chest infection for greater and. Brain involved in controlling REM sleep it can impair judgment and reduce your time! K. ( 2010, March ) supplied by the nerve that the respiratory system continues function! Can take short naps during wakefulness, leading to errors leading to errors to rapid eye need to wake your! Tired during the day is cannabis an answer to entering the land of sleep adults. Uncomfortable urge to move only subsides when you move around area supplied by the.. Sleep disorder that causes you to fall and stay asleep in the evenings symptoms include! Cardiac cause that needs study the land of sleep up to 100 times night! Episode, the brain is n't known, weight gain, mental fog, often. Doesnt have enough hemoglobin to deliver oxygen, the brain doesnt regulate the sleep-wake cycle has links... To exposure to the diagnosis and cause they inserted probes into neurons affecting motor...